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Addiction:
Addiction:
According to DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., Washington, D.C., 1994):
"A maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress as manifested by three (or more) of the following, occurring at any time in the same 12-month period:
* Substance is often taken in larger amounts or over longer period than intended
* Persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control substance use
* A great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain the substance (e.g., visiting multiple doctors or driving long distances), use the substance (e.g., chain smoking), or recovering from its effects
* Important social, occupational or recreational activities given up or reduced because of substance abuse
* Continued substance use despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent psychological, or physical problem that is caused or exacerbated by use of the substance
* Tolerance, as defined by either: (a) need for increased amounts of the substance in order to achieve intoxication or desired effect; or (b) markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount
* Withdrawal, as manifested by either: (a) characteristic withdrawal syndrome for the substance; or (b) the same (or closely related) substance is taken to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms"
Cf. Dependence, Drug Dependence, Habituation, Tolerance.
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